一方は知っているが他方は知らない。

English Translation

I know one of them but not the other.

Could this also mean, “One of them knows, but the other does not”?

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@ericaw
Yes. 一方 and 他方 could also be the subject (doers) in this sentence. A new drug trial is a typical case you can use this sentence for. The pharmaceutical company (一方) knows who are assigned to the placebo group, but the patients enrolling in the trial (他方) do not know.

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