Ich bin immer noch derselbe Mensch, der ich früher war.

English Translation

I’m still the same person I used to be.

Does 'describe decline? If it does, what rules does it follow for each case, gender?

English Translation

I’m still the same person I used to be.

Do you mean “derselbe”? If so, yes, it does “decline”, like other demonstrative pronouns such as “dieser” or the articles.